The Limits and Safeguards of Disciplinary Liability of the Public Employee between Iraq and Egypt – A Comparative Study

Abstract

This study examines the legal system governing disciplinary liability of public employees in both Iraq and Egypt with a particular focus on the guarantees provided to ensure fairness and prevent arbitrary sanctions. In Iraq the framework of disciplinary responsibility is defined through specific legal provisions that determine the types of violations and identify the competent authorities empowered to impose disciplinary sanctions. Alongside this framework, the law establishes guarantees for the employee under investigation, including the right of defense, access to the case file and the ability to challenge disciplinary decisions before judicial bodies.

Similarly the Egyptian legal system regulates disciplinary liability through a set of legislative provisions that classify violations and specify the authorities competent to impose penalties. At the same time it ensures fundamental guarantees for public employees most notably the right of defense, the principle of impartiality during disciplinary proceedings, and the right to appeal before the State Council. By comparing both systems, the study highlights the convergence and divergence between Iraq and Egypt in balancing administrative authority with the rights of public officials